Quintus, Publius, and Other Non-Latin Latin Names

Victorian name-scholars, being well-versed in Latin and the Classics, knew all the Roman names were, well, Roman. Romans didn't borrow other peoples' names. If these scholars knew of the existence of the Etruscans, it was as an obscure, non-expansionist people north of Rome who were early conquered and absorbed. They didn't really matter. Oh, sure, there was an Etruscan or two who managed to usurp the Roman crown, but they had only negative effects. If anything, it would make the Romans avoid things Etruscan.

Most baby-name books of today compile from older books uncritically. They would never think to challenge the linguists of old. They would also not bother digging out the Etruscan onomasticon (for the definition of that word, see "Alicia and Alice").

Writing a book for naming characters, whose stories might happen any time in history, not just for naming modern American babies, I got up to my eyebrows not only in Etruscan and Latin names, but in their history.

Almost all Roman kings were Etruscans. Stories to the contrary are later, Big Brother revisions of history. Rome was a collection of villages made of wattle and daub until the Etruscans took over, and not only made a city out of the pieces, but gave it stone buildings and the Etruscan system of names. Later, in Latin, these were known as the praenomen ("before name," a personal name), nomen ("name," a family name, later often a clan name), and cognomen ("known-by name," originally an individual nickname or eke-name, later often a sub-family name). But they originated with the Etruscans, who were the Romans' cultural teachers. As a result, a number of Latin names, especially praenomens, are Etruscan in origin.

Of course, it's neater if an author can tell people that a name has a certain meaning. One looks like one know lots, rather than admitting to a lack of knowledge. By deriving names from Etruscan, we lose any meaning because Etruscan is only spottily translatable. This is a great improvement from the Victorian complete lack of knowledge of the tongue, but while scholars can pick names out of funerary and other inscriptions, they usually cannot give a meaning behind the sound. Perhaps there was none: the Tahitians (see their chapter in People's Names) say that names have no meanings: they are only names.

First among these Etruscan names is the praenomen Aulus/Aulia (Latin names always have a female form). Aule was an extremely popular Etruscan praenomen; the feminine Aula or Aulia less so. Quintus may not mean "fifth"; it may come from the relatively rare Etruscan praenomen Cuinte. Publius derives from Pupli (a variation on Pup), Titus from Tite, and Velus from the extremely popular Etruscan name, Vel.

Well-known Roman family names which derive from Etruscan clans include Arrius from Arntni, Aulus from Aule, Hirrius from Herini, Latinus from Latini, Numerius or Niumsis from the Numsi, Pacius from Paci, Pompeii from Pumpu, the numerous Sejanus/Seianus (who nearly took over the Empire in the reign of Tiberius) from the Sentinate, later Seiante, Salvius from Shalvi, Titus from Tite, Tutillius from Tutna, Vettius from Veti, and the large Vibius clan from Vipi. These were all determined by Helmut Dix, whose book is listed in the bibliography of People's Names.

Crespinius will not really have meant "curly" because it comes from the Etruscan Crespe, though certainly the urge to make an understandable word out of a foreign name is universal (like most English speakers can't help thinking the Latin nomen Manlius means "manly"). Plautius is from the Etruscan Plaute, Rufius from Rufe (so it does not mean "red"), Scaevius is from Sceva, Spaspo from Spaspu, Tlabonius (that's not a typo) from Tlapuni, Trebius from Trepu, and the well known Varius from the Etruscan Vari.

So once again we see that if we care about where names come from and what their original meanings were, rather than just using them for their sounds, it is long past time that the traditional attributions were re-examined in light of the recovered knowledge of the other old languages of Europe and the Mediterranean.

copyright 1997 by Holly Ingraham

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